Jones v. Riot Hosp. Grp. LLC, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 5251, 95 F.4th 730 (9th Cir. 2024):

The district court dismissed this case under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(e)(2) because of intentional spoliation of electronically stored information (“ESI”) by the plaintiff. Finding no abuse of discretion, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

Alyssa Jones, a former waitress at a Scottsdale bar, sued the bar’s owner-operator, Ryan Hibbert, and his company, Riot Hospitality Group (collectively “Riot”), in the district court in 2017, alleging Title VII violations and common law tort claims. During discovery, Riot obtained text messages exchanged between Jones, her friends, and co-workers between December 2015 and October 2018. Riot identified instances where Jones appeared to have abruptly stopped communicating with people she had been messaging almost daily. In response to a subpoena, Jones’ third-party imaging vendor produced a spreadsheet showing that messages between Jones and her co-workers had been deleted from Jones’ mobile phone. In subsequent depositions, two of the co-workers, both of whom Jones had identified as prospective trial witnesses, testified that they had exchanged text messages with Jones about the case since October 2018. After Jones failed to comply with the district court’s order to produce those messages, the court ordered the parties to jointly retain a third-party forensic search specialist to review the phones of Jones and three prospective witnesses.

After the district court denied a stay of that order,¹ it allowed Riot to subpoena the three witnesses “to produce their recent communications regarding Plaintiff’s claims,” and ordered Jones to deliver her phone to K.J. Kuchta, the agreed-upon forensic specialist. Jones v. Riot Hosp. Grp. LLC, No. CV-17-04612-PHX, 2020 WL 4583628, at *4–5 (D. Ariz. Aug. 10, 2020). Kuchta was to extract messages containing stipulated search terms and send them to Jones’ counsel, Philip Nathanson, who would then send all discoverable messages to Riot and produce a privilege log of those not produced. Id. Jones and two of the witnesses ultimately delivered their phones to Kuchta.²

Kuchta extracted messages and sent them to Nathanson, but the lawyer failed to forward any to Riot, despite multiple district court orders that he do so and several deadline extensions. The district court then ordered Kuchta to send all non-privileged messages directly to Riot and later assessed $69,576 in fees and costs against Jones and Nathanson.

After finally receiving the text messages, Riot moved for terminating sanctions under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(e)(2). Riot submitted an expert report from Kuchta, who concluded, after comparing the volume of messages sent and received between phone pairs, that “an orchestrated effort to delete and/or hide evidence subject to the Court’s order has occurred.” In 2022, the district court dismissed the case with prejudice, finding that Jones deleted text messages and cooperated in the deletion of messages by her witnesses, intending to deprive Riot of their use in litigation. Jones v. Riot Hosp. Grp. LLC, No. CV-17-04612-PHX, 2022 WL 3682031, at *13 (D. Ariz. Aug. 25, 2022). Jones and Nathanson timely appealed.

DISCUSSION

1. The Dismissal Sanction

^[1]Jones argues that she did not violate Rule 37(e) and the Kuchta spoliation report should have been excluded. We review discovery sanctions for abuse of discretion and the district court’s underlying findings of fact for clear error. Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. Nat. Beverage Distribs., 69 F.3d 337, 348 (9th Cir. 1995). Admission of expert testimony is reviewed for abuse of discretion, but whether the district court applied the correct legal standard under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993), is reviewed de novo. Hardeman v. Monsanto Co., 997 F.3d 941, 960 (9th Cir. 2021).

1. Dismissal under Rule 37(e)(2)

Rule 37(e) applies when ESI “that should have been preserved in the anticipation or conduct of litigation is lost because a party failed to take reasonable steps to preserve it, and it cannot be restored or replaced through additional discovery.” If the district court finds the loss prejudicial, it “may order measures no greater than necessary to cure the prejudice.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(e)(1). But, if the court finds that an offending plaintiff “acted with the intent to deprive another party of the information’s use in the litigation,” dismissal is authorized. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(e)(2).

The district court found that Jones intentionally deleted relevant text messages with co-workers from 2017 and 2018 and coordinated with her witnesses to delete messages from 2019 and 2020. “Drawing reasonable inferences from the circumstances,” the court found that Jones did so with the intent to deprive Riot of use of the messages in this suit. Jones, 2022 WL 3682031 at *6; see also id. at *10. The court also found that the deleted messages could not “be restored or replaced through additional discovery.” Id at *5; see also id. at *8–9. Applying the five-factor test for terminating sanctions articulated in Anheuser-Busch, 69 F.3d at 348, the court found dismissal warranted. Id. at *11–13.

On appeal, Jones does not contest her duty to preserve the deleted messages, that they were deleted, or that they cannot be restored or replaced through additional discovery. But, she argues that the district court abused its discretion by dismissing the case because her conduct was neither willful nor prejudicial to Riot.

 ^[2]We disagree. The Anheuser-Busch test generally controls the imposition of terminating sanctions, but we deal here with Rule 37(e)(2). To dismiss a case under Rule 37(e)(2), a district court need only find that the Rule 37(e) prerequisites are met, the spoliating party acted with the intent required under Rule 37(e)(2), and lesser sanctions are insufficient to address the loss of the ESI. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 advisory committee’s note to 2015 amendment.

^{[3] [4]}The district court did not clearly err in finding that Jones intentionally deleted ESI. Rule 37(e) does not define “intent,” but in context, the word is most naturally understood as involving the willful destruction of evidence with the purpose of avoiding its discovery by an adverse party. See Skanska USA Civ. Se. Inc. v. Bagelheads, Inc., 75 F.4th 1290, 1312 (11th Cir. 2023); Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 advisory committee’s note to 2015 amendment (stating that negligence or even gross negligence is insufficient). Because intent can rarely be shown directly, a district court may consider circumstantial evidence in determining whether a party acted with the intent required for Rule 37(e)(2) sanctions. See Auer v. City of Minot, 896 F.3d 854, 858 (8th Cir. 2018). Relevant considerations include the timing of destruction, affirmative steps taken to delete evidence, and selective preservation. See Laub v. Horbaczewski, No. CV 17-6210-JAK, 2020 WL 9066078, at *6 (C.D. Cal. July 22, 2020).

^[5]Jones contends that the district court erred in finding intent because Kuchta could not confirm that every deletion of a text message was intentional or quantify the intentional deletions. But there was ample circumstantial evidence that Jones intentionally destroyed a significant number of text messages and collaborated with others to do so. As the district court noted, Jones could not explain why messages to other employees at the bar were selectively deleted in 2017 and 2018. With respect to the 2019 and 2020 messages, the court pointed out that “while much of the content of the deleted messages is unknowable,” a screenshot of a message sent by a witness to Jones but missing from Jones’ phone in its original form, “shows that Plaintiff deleted at least one message that had a direct bearing on her case.” Jones, 2022 WL 3682031 at *10. Moreover, Jones and one of the witnesses obtained new phones shortly after they were ordered to hand over their devices for imaging. Neither Jones nor the witnesses produced the earlier phones for imaging, effectively preventing discovery of messages deleted from those phones. The court’s conclusion “that [Jones] affirmatively selected certain text messages for deletion while otherwise preserving text messages sent around the same time” is supported by the record. Id.

Jones argues that her production of thousands of text messages “negates the intent and prejudice elements of Rule 37(e).” But production of some evidence does not excuse destruction of other relevant evidence. And evidence from Jones’ third-party imaging vendor suggests that she deleted some messages from the very periods covered by her productions.

Jones also urges that the district court abused its discretion in finding that Riot was prejudiced by the destruction of the text messages because Riot nonetheless deposed Jones and the witnesses and filed a summary judgment motion. But the district court’s finding that Jones’ destruction of ESI “impaired [Riot’s] ability to go to trial and threatened to interfere with the rightful decision of the case,” id. at *11 (emphasis in original) (quoting Anheuser-Busch, 69 F.3d at 354), is well-supported by the record.

^[6]In any event, Rule 37(e)(2) does not mention prejudice as a prerequisite to sanctions, including dismissal. The Advisory Committee Notes explain that a finding of prejudice was not included as a requirement because “the finding of intent required by [Rule 37(e)(2)] can support not only an inference that the lost information was unfavorable to the party that intentionally destroyed it, but also an inference that the opposing party was prejudiced by the loss of information that would have favored its position.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 advisory committee’s note to 2015 amendment. The district court relied on that inference here. Jones, 2022 WL 3682031 at *11. “Subdivision (e)(2) does not require any further finding of prejudice.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 advisory committee’s note to 2015 amendment; see also Fast v. GoDaddy.com, LLC, 340 F.R.D. 326, 335 n.3 (D. Ariz. 2022).

^[7]Jones also claims that dismissal was a measure “greater than necessary to cure the prejudice.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 advisory committee’s note to 2015 amendment (“The remedy should fit the wrong, and the severe measures authorized by this subdivision should not be used when the information lost was relatively unimportant or lesser measures such as those specified in subdivision (e)(1) would be sufficient to redress the loss.”). But, the district court expressly considered less drastic sanctions, including those in Rule 37(e)(1) and lesser sanctions authorized under Rule 37(e)(2), and reasonably concluded that none would likely be effective. Jones, 2022 WL 3682031 at *12. Considering the nature of the spoliated ESI and Jones and Nathanson’s repeated violations of court orders even after monetary sanctions had been imposed, id., the district court’s conclusion was not an abuse of discretion.

1. Admissibility of Expert Testimony

Jones also argues that the district court abused its discretion in considering Kuchta’s report. First, Jones argues that the report was submitted after the deadline for expert disclosures. That argument, however, ignores the district court’s order reopening discovery for the limited purpose of presenting expert reports on spoliation.

^[8]Second, Jones argues that because Kuchta had earlier served as a special master, he had a conflict of interest. But Kuchta was jointly retained by the parties to conduct a forensic analysis of the submitted phones, not appointed by the district court as a Rule 53 special master. Nor did Jones demonstrate any actual conflict arising from Kuchta’s subsequent role as an expert; she speculates that Riot retained and communicated ex parte with Kuchta while he served as a party-appointed specialist, but the record does not support that claim.

^{[9] [10] [11] [12]}Jones’ argument that the district court abused its discretion in not holding a Daubert hearing is also unconvincing. District courts are not always required to hold a Daubert hearing to discharge their reliability and relevance gatekeeping duties under Federal Rule of Evidence 702. See United States v. Jawara, 474 F.3d 565, 582–83 (9th Cir. 2007). Although Daubert sets out factors for district courts to consider when determining whether expert testimony is admissible under Rule 702, they are “illustrative,” and “the inquiry is flexible.” Wendell v. GlaxoSmithKline LLC, 858 F.3d 1227, 1232 (9th Cir. 2017) (cleaned up). And, “Rule 702 should be applied with a liberal thrust favoring admission.” Id. (cleaned up). The record makes plain that Kuchta had extensive technical experience in computer forensics, including independent research in the type of mobile phone spoliation analysis he conducted in this case. And his methodology—comparing the volume of messages sent and received between mobile phone pairs over time and looking for digital artifacts of deletions—is sound. Jones makes much of Kuchta’s acknowledgment that there is no industry standard for analyzing text message deletions but gives no plausible reason to doubt the reliability of his opinions.

1. The Discovery Orders

Jones claims that the district court’s original order instructing her and others to hand over their phones to Kuchta, and its August 10 modification order, were issued “sua sponte, without notice and without a defense motion requesting such relief and subsequent briefing.”

The procedural challenge lacks record support. The discovery orders were entered only after briefing about the status of discovery and phone conferences with the parties. The Case Management Order and the District of Arizona’s General Order 17-08 expressly authorized the court to resolve discovery disputes during a telephone conference, and the CMO specified that the court “may order written briefing”—but is not required to do so—“if it does not resolve the dispute during the telephone conference.”

^[13]Jones’ substantive challenge to the orders, based on privacy interests, is also unpersuasive. To be sure, there is a strong privacy interest in the contents of mobile phones. See Victory Processing, LLC v. Fox, 937 F.3d 1218, 1227 (9th Cir. 2019) (“[T]he interest in protecting privacy applies with equal force to cellular devices.”). For discovery purposes, those privacy considerations are generally considered either in Rule 26(b) proportionality analyses or as part of Rule 26(c) protective orders. See Henson v. Turn, Inc., No. 15-cv-01497-JSW, 2018 WL 5281629, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 22, 2018) (collecting cases considering privacy in the proportionality analysis); Seattle Times Co. v. Rhinehart, 467 U.S. 20, 35 n.21, 104 S.Ct. 2199, 81 L.Ed.2d 17 (1984) (“Although [Rule 26(c)] contains no specific reference to privacy or to other rights or interests that may be implicated, such matters are implicit in the broad purpose and language of the Rule.”).³ But the district court granted Jones the only protective order she sought on privacy grounds. As to proportionality, the witnesses’ deposition testimony documented that they exchanged relevant text messages about the case; production by Jones’ third-party vendor showed that Jones had deleted messages; and Jones and Nathanson repeatedly failed to produce discoverable messages in violation of court orders. The challenged orders were limited to stipulated “search terms and the responsive documents ... that relate to Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants” and allowed Plaintiff to review any messages for privilege and relevance before production to Riot. Jones v. Riot Hosp. Grp. LLC, No. CV-17-04612-PHX (D. Ariz. Mar. 4, 2020), ECF No. 308, at *1–2. Thus, even assuming that Jones can raise privacy concerns on behalf of the witnesses, the district court did not abuse its discretion.

Indeed, the primary case cited by Jones supports this conclusion. In Lewis v. Archer Daniels Midland Co., the district court noted that courts have allowed neutral experts to examine electronic devices “when the moving party has sufficiently demonstrated need and inability to obtain relevant information by more conventional means and measures adequate to protect the privacy or commercial concerns of the party who owns the device are imposed.” No. 17-14190, 2018 WL 6591999, at *2 (E.D. La. Dec. 14, 2018). This case fits that description, particularly because Kuchta was told to produce only messages containing agreed-upon search terms that ensured their relevance to this case.⁴

III. Attorneys’ Fees and Costs

^[14]Jones and Nathanson challenge the district court’s award of attorneys’ fees and costs. We review for abuse of discretion, Marchand v. Mercy Med. Ctr., 22 F.3d 933, 936 (9th Cir. 1994), and find none.

^[15]The appellants first argue that Jones and Nathanson did not violate the discovery orders because they received the text message data from Kuchta in spreadsheet, not PDF, format. But the orders did not require production in any particular format, and the parties’ ESI stipulation expressly contemplated production of digital documents.

^[16]Jones and Nathanson next argue that they could not meet the court’s deadlines because the extracted messages contained “over 70,000 pieces of evidence.” But the district court reasonably rejected this argument based on Nathanson’s repeated failure to process the messages received from Kuchta or work with the expert to resolve technical issues, despite receiving multiple extensions to do so.

Nor are we persuaded by the argument that Riot “stopped Plaintiff’s review” of the documents by filing a motion for sanctions. Nothing in the motion precluded Jones from continuing the production process; nor did she respond to the motion by seeking more time to comply with the court orders.

Jones and Nathanson also complain that the August 10 discovery order expanded the relevance criteria of the March 4 order, making compliance harder. But the language from the two orders—the August 10 order requiring production of communications “regarding this action or the witnesses’ involvement in this action” and the March 10 order requiring production of communications “that relate to Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants”—is functionally identical. Jones, 2020 WL 4583628 at *3; Jones, No. CV-17-04612-PHX (D. Ariz. Mar. 4, 2020), ECF No. 308, at *2.

Finally, Jones and Nathanson argue that the search terms applied by Kuchta resulted in overbroad discovery “never ordered by the District Court.” But Jones agreed to the search terms.

CONCLUSION

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

95 F.4th 730