Commercial Litigation and Arbitration
Knitting Fever, Inc. v. Eisaku Noro & Co., Ltd., 2012 WL 3235108 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 8, 2102):
*1 Currently pending before the Court are Plaintiff The Knit With’s (“TKW”) Motion for Summary Judgment on the Counterclaims of Knitting Fever, Inc. and Defendant Knitting Fever, Inc.’s (“KFI”) Motion for Summary Judgment on its Counterclaim for Defamation. For the following reasons, both Motions are denied.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
After almost four years of litigation and hundreds of docket entries, the factual background of this case is almost rote to both the parties and the Court, and has been reiterated in several of this Court’s prior opinions.1 This matter arises between Plaintiff, TKW, a small, family-owned and operated business retailing specialty yarns and accessories to consumers, and multiple Defendants, including: (a) KFI, a New York corporation that imports and distributes specialty yarns; (b) KFI’s officers and directors, including Sion Elalouf, Diane Elalouf, Jay Opperman, and Jeffrey J. Denecke, Jr.; and (c) Filatura Pettinata V.V.G. Di Stefano Vaccari & C. (“Filatura”), Debbie Bliss, Designer Yarns, Inc. (“Designer Yarns”), and Eisaku Noro & Co., Ltd., all of whom are non-U.S. entities that design, manufacture, and/or distribute speciality yarns. At the core of the dispute is Plaintiff’s claim that KFI sold designer knitting yarns to TKW, misrepresenting the amount of cashmere in the yarns, and that this practice was part and parcel of a larger racketeering conspiracy.
Following extensive motion practice by both parties, the Court has either dismissed or granted summary judgment on the entirety of Plaintiff’s Complaint. The sole claims remaining in this action are KFI’s counterclaims for defamation and tortious interference with existing and prospective contracts. Plaintiff originally moved for summary judgment on these counterclaims in June 2010. Via a September 10, 2010 Memorandum and Order, the Court found that the defamation and tortious interference claims survived Plaintiff’s initial challenges.
On March 30, 2012, Plaintiff filed a second Motion for Summary Judgment on the Remaining Counterclaims and Defendant KFI filed a Cross-motion for Summary Judgment on only the Defamation Counterclaim. Responses, reply briefs, and sur-reply briefs were filed on April 16, 2012, May 21, 2012, and May 31, 2012, respectively. The Motions are now ripe for judicial consideration.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c) (2). A factual dispute is “material” only if it might affect the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). For an issue to be “genuine,” a reasonable fact-finder must be able to return a verdict in favor of the non-moving party. Id.
On summary judgment, the moving party has the initial burden of identifying evidence that it believes shows an absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Conoshenti v. Pub. Serv. Elec. & Gas Co., 364 F.3d 135, 145–46 (3d Cir.2004). It is not the court’s role to weigh the disputed evidence and decide which is more probative, or to make credibility determinations. Boyle v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 139 F.3d 386, 393 (3d Cir.1998) (citing Petruzzi’s IGA Supermkts., Inc. v. Darling–Del. Co. Inc., 998 F.2d 1224, 1230 (3d Cir.1993)). Rather, the court must consider the evidence, and all reasonable inferences which may be drawn from it, in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) (citing United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S.Ct. 993, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962)); Tigg Corp. v. Dow Corning Corp., 822 F.2d 358, 361 (3d Cir.1987). If a conflict arises between the evidence presented by both sides, the court must accept as true the allegations of the non-moving party, and “all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255.
*2 Although the moving party must establish an absence of a genuine issue of material fact, it need not “support its motion with affidavits or other similar materials negating the opponent’s claim.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). It can meet its burden by “pointing out ... that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s claims.” Id . at 325. Once the movant has carried its initial burden, the opposing party “must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to material facts.” Matsushita Elec., 475 U.S. at 586. “[T]he non-moving party must rebut the motion with facts in the record and cannot rest solely on assertions made in the pleadings, legal memoranda, or oral argument.” Berckeley Inv. Group. Ltd. v. Colkitt, 455 F.3d 195, 201 (3d Cir.2006). If the non-moving party “fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden at trial,” summary judgment is appropriate. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. Moreover, the mere existence of some evidence in support of the non-movant will not be adequate to support a denial of a motion for summary judgment; there must be enough evidence to enable a jury to reasonably find for the non-movant on that issue. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249–50.
Notably, “[t]he rule is no different where there are cross-motions for summary judgment.” Lawrence v. City of Phila., 527 F.3d 299, 310 (3d Cir.2008). As stated by the Third Circuit, “[c]ross-motions are no more than a claim by each side that it alone is entitled to summary judgment, and the making of such inherently contradictory claims does not constitute an agreement that if one is rejected the other is necessarily justified or that the losing party waives judicial consideration and determination of whether genuine issues of material fact exist.” Id. (quoting Rains v. Cascade Indus., Inc., 401 F.2d 241, 245 (3d Cir.1968)).
III. DISCUSSION
At issue in the present case is the viability of Defendant KFI’s counterclaims for defamation and tortious interference. Plaintiff contends that it is entitled to judgment on both causes of action because KFI cannot establish all elements necessary to support such claims. Defendant responds that Plaintiff’s arguments are meritless and that summary judgment should be entered in its favor on the defamation counterclaim. The Court considers the defamation counterclaim and the tortious interference counterclaim individually.
A. Defamation
The core of Defendant’s counterclaim focuses on a September 4, 2008 press release issued in connection with the commencement of the present action. Specifically, James Casale—who is both Plaintiff’s counsel and a co-owner of TKW—prepared a press release entitled “Knitting Fever, Inc. Sued for False Advertising of Cashmere Yarns” (the “Press Release”). (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. Defamation Countercl. (“Def.’s Mot.”), Ex. 1.) This Press Release summarized TKW’s Complaint and included multiple quoted statements taken from an interview Mr. Casale conducted with himself. On September 4, 2008, Mr. Casale, acting under the guise of a public relations firm called “Communications Specialists,” sent both the Press Release and a copy of the Complaint to a group of at least thirteen individuals. (Id.; see also The Knit With v. Knitting Fever, Inc., No. Civ.A.08–4221, Docket No. 168, Ex. 1, Decl. of Sion Elalouf ¶¶ 4–5 & Ex. A, July 12, 2010 (“Elalouf Decl.”).) This Press Release made several comments regarding KFI’s alleged racketeering activity on which Defendant now bases its cause of action:
*3 • “The lawsuit also alleges Knitting Fever, Inc. is a racketeering or corrupt enterprise and KFI’s regular way of doing business is by engaging in racketeering activity.”
• “The lawsuit alleges that Knitting Fever’s president, Sion Elalouf, has engaged in a pattern of racketeering activity and manages Knitting Fever, Inc. as a racketeering enterprise. The lawsuit claims the individual defendants conspired with Elalouf to cover-up the absence of cashmere in the Cashmerino products. The lawsuit accuses the defendants of reaping illegal profits from the sale of mis-labeled wool products distributed to yarn shops which, in turn, inadvertently sell the improperly spun or improperly labeled yarns to handknitting consumers.”
• “[A RICO claim] applies to any circumstance where there is an ‘organized’ pattern of illicit activity involving certain discrete illegal acts and when the racketeering enterprise results in harm to another’s business or property.... [T]he elements of a racketeering charge appear to be present but a judge will decide whether that is actually so.”
• “ ‘I won’t speculate that this is a deliberate scheme,’ Casale added. ‘In the three cashmerino products, the facts to be presented to the court indicate the absence of cashmere and the presence of a greater quantity of another fiber. Other facts to be laid before the court indicate a number of other things both before and after the development of the Debbie Bliss brand of cashmerino yarns. It is for the court to conclude whether all these facts, taken together indicate a course of deliberate conduct.’ ”
• “[The Knit With will show] Mr. Elalouf both has engaged in a pattern of racketeering acts and his regular way of managing his business is as a racketeering enterprise.”
(Def.’s Mot., Ex. 1.)2
In its Reply Brief in support of its Motion for Summary Judgment, KFI cites to several other defamatory statements in other press releases issued by James Casale on behalf of The Knit With. (Def.’s Reply Br. 3.) These statements were not made part of its original Motion for Summary Judgment. In fact, Defendant’s original brief explicitly remarks that “KFI’s defamation counterclaim focuses on a press release issued in connection with the commencement of the present action” and then goes on to discuss the aforementioned Press Release. (Def.’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. Defamation Counterclaim (“Def.’s Mem.”) 3.) To the extent Defendant’s Reply Brief attempts to now base its Summary Judgment Motion on additional statements, the Motion is denied. Sproull v. Golden Gate Nat’l Senior Care, LLC, No. Civ.A.08–1107, 2010 WL 339858, at *3 (W.D.Pa. Jan. 22, 2010) (“[T]he reply brief generally cannot be used to expand the issues presented for adjudication beyond those raised in the moving papers.”).
One recipient of the Press Release and Complaint wrote about it extensively on her internet blog entitled www.girlfromauntie.com. (The Knit With v. Knitting Fever, Inc., No. Civ.A.08–4221, Docket No. 168, Ex. 3, Decl. of Joshua Slavitt (“Slavitt Decl.”) ¶¶ 3–4 & Ex. A, July 12, 2010.) In the blog, the author remarked that she “received an e-mail from a PR agency [called “Communications Specialists”] with an interesting subject line.” (Id., Ex. A.) Following the blogger’s long and detailed summary of both the Press Release and the attached Complaint, several readers submitted online responses that made negative comments about KFI. (Id.) Defendant now asserts that these events unequivocally establish Plaintiff’s liability for defamation.
In Pennsylvania, the burden of proof for a common law defamation action is set forth by statute:
(a) Burden of plaintiff.—In an action for defamation, the plaintiff has the burden of proving, when the issue is properly raised:
(1) The defamatory character of the communication.
(2) Its publication by the defendant.
(3) Its application to the plaintiff.
(4) The understanding by the recipient of its defamatory meaning.
*4 (5) The understanding by the recipient of it as intended to be applied to the plaintiff.
(6) Special harm resulting to the plaintiff from its publication.
(7) Abuse of a conditionally privileged occasion.
42 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 8343(a); Porter v. Joy Realty, Inc., 872 A.2d 846, 849 (Pa.Super.Ct.2005). Whether a communication is capable of bearing a defamatory meaning is a question for the Court. Smith v. IMG Worldwide, Inc., 437 F.Supp.2d 297, 307 (E.D.Pa.2006); see also Agriss v. Roadway Express, Inc., 334 Pa.Super. 295, 483 A.2d 456, 461 (Pa.Super.1984). Put differently, “under Pennsylvania law, the Court acts as a gatekeeper to determine whether the statements are incapable of defamatory meaning in deciding whether any basis exists to proceed to trial.” Mzamane v. Winfrey, 693 F.Supp.2d 442, 480 (E.D.Pa.2010). If the cause of action is viable, the Pennsylvania statute also offers three potential affirmative defenses to defamation claims, which the defendant to the action bears the burden of proving: (1) the truth of the defamatory communication; (2) the privileged character of the publication; or (3) that the subject matter was of public concern. See 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 8343(b); Fanelle v. Lojack Corp., No. Civ.A.99–4292, 2000 WL 1801270, at *2 (E.D.Pa. Dec.7, 2000).
In the present case, this Court previously found—and the parties now appear to agree—that the statements were in fact defamatory and were understood by the recipients as such.3 See The Knit With v. Knitting Fever, Inc., Nos. Civ.A.08–4221 & 08–4775, 2010 WL 3792200, at *6 (E.D.Pa. Sept.28, 2010). Plaintiff, however, now offers several new arguments in support of its position that Defendant’s defamation counterclaim cannot prevail. First, it claims that Defendant cannot prove the element of publication. Second, it asserts that Defendant has not adduced evidence of actual harm resulting from the defamatory comments. Third, it avers that Defendant has not proven negligence. Finally, Plaintiff contends that, even if all of the elements of a cause of action exist, the statements at issue were truthful, thus providing an absolute affirmative defense to an allegation of defamation. The Court individually considers each of these arguments in the joint contexts of Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment and Defendant’s Cross-motion for Summary Judgment.4
“A publication is defamatory if it tends to blacken a person’s reputation or expose him to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule, or injure him in his business or profession.” Agriss, 483 A.2d at 46 1. Plaintiff makes no effort in its briefing to argue that the statements in the Press Release were not defamatory.
The Court need not discuss elements (1), (3), (4), (5), and (7) set forth in 42 Pa.C.S. § 8343(a). In the September 10, 2010 Opinion, the Court already found that the statements at issue were capable of defamatory meaning and were not simply non-actionable opinion. Moreover, neither party disputes that the statements were directed toward Defendant KFI and that the recipients of those statements understood the defamatory meaning as intended to be applied to KFI. Finally, in the September 10, 2010 Opinion, the Court conclusively determined that the statements were not entitled to any conditional privilege.
1. Publication
“[I]n order for defamation to occur in the form of either libel or slander, the defamatory statement must be published or communicated to a third person. Elia v. Erie Ins. Exch., 430 Pa.Super. 384, 634 A.2d 657, 660 (Pa.Super.1993) (citing Gaetano v. Sharon Herald Co., 426 Pa. 179, 231 A.2d 753, 755 (Pa.1967)). This element simply requires a showing of distribution to others. Fanelle, 2000 WL 1801270, at *4. As explained by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, “regardless of where the defamatory statement is written or printed, no cause of action for libel arises until there is a publication of the defamatory matter, which is ‘its communication intentionally or by a negligent act to one other than the person defamed.’ ” Gaetano, 231 A.2d at 755.
*5 Plaintiff argues that KFI cannot demonstrate publication because its evidence shows no more than the origin of the 2008 statements. (Pl.’s Sur–Reply Br. Opp’n Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. Counterclaims (“Pl .’s Sur-reply”) 4.) It goes on to contend that, because KFI has failed to identify any witness other than Mr. Elalouf who will testify at trial to establish “publication” of the 2008 news announcement, there is no evidence of publication. Id.
Plaintiff’s argument is completely unfounded. In its Response to Plaintiff’s original Motion to Dismiss Counterclaims, dated July 13, 2010, Defendant attached, as an exhibit, an email showing that a copy of both the Press Release and the Complaint was sent to at least thirteen email recipients, including several media outlets. (The Knit With v. Knitting Fever, Inc., No. Civ.A.08–4221, Docket No. 168, Ex. 1.) James Casale also admitted that he sent this Press Release to multiple media sources. (Def.’s Mot., Ex. 2, Dep. of James Casale (“Casale Dep.”), 302:19–304:3, Jan. 20, 2012.) In addition, an Affidavit from Defendant’s counsel, Joshua Slavitt, avers that he downloaded a copy of a web blog regarding the Press Release, with readers’ comments, from a website known as www.girlfromauntie.com. (Id., Ex. 3, Decl. of Joshua Slavitt (“Slavitt Decl.”) ¶ 3, Ex. A., July 12, 2010.) The author of the blog expressly stated that “[s]o apparently, I am a primo target for press releases when somebody in the craft yarn industry sues someone else.” (Slavitt Decl., Ex. A.) Likewise, Defendant has produced various website blogs wherein the authors comment that they received copies of the press report. (Def.’s Mot., Exs. 3–5.) Those blogs are followed by extensive reader remarks commenting on the Press Release. (Id.) Given such evidence, the Court finds no genuine issue as to the fact that the Press Release was, in fact, “published” within the meaning of the defamation statute.
2. Special or Actual Harm
Plaintiff next argues that KFI has come forward with no evidence to establish that it was actually damaged by Plaintiff’s 2008 Press Release. It asserts that “[i]n discovery, KFI has produced no facts so much as suggesting any statement in the 2008 press release damaged KFI’s reputation in the yarn trade.” (Pl.’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. Countercl. (“Pl.’s Mem.”) 6.) It goes on to claim that, because Defendant can identify no trade participant willing to testify that the news announcement had any effect upon KFI’s ability to conduct business and has not submitted any affidavits substantiating harm to reputation, the counterclaim for defamation must fail.
Plaintiff’s argument is again mistaken. “Under Pennsylvania law, communications containing ‘words imputing (1) criminal offense, (2) loathsome disease, (3) business misconduct, or (4) serious sexual misconduct,’ are considered defamatory per se.” Mediaworks, Inc. v. Lasky, No. Civ.A.99–1290, 1999 WL 695585, at *7 (E.D.Pa. Aug.26, 1999). “A statement is defamatory per se as an accusation of business misconduct if it ‘ascribes to another conduct, characteristics or a condition that would adversely affect his fitness for the proper conduct of his lawful business.’ “ Synygy, Inc. v. Scott–Levin, Inc., 51 F.Supp.2d 570, 580 (E.D.Pa.1999) (quoting Clemente v. Espinosa, 749 F.Supp. 672, 677–78 (E.D.Pa.1990) (further quotation omitted). “Whether the allegedly defamatory statements are defamatory per se is a question for the court.” Mediaworks, 1999 WL 695585, at *7.
*6 “A defamation per se plaintiff need not prove ‘special damages,’ i.e., monetary or out-of-pocket loss.” Franklin Prescriptions, Inc. v. New York Times Co., 424 F.3d 336, 343 (3d Cir.2005). “Instead, a plaintiff need only prove ‘general damages,’ i.e., ‘proof that one’s reputation was actually affected by the slander, or that she suffered personal humiliation, or both.’ ” Id. (quoting Walker v. Grand Cent. Sanitation, Inc., 430 Pa.Super. 236, 634 A.2d 237, 242 (Pa.Super.Ct.1993)). The Pennsylvania Superior Court has explicitly adopted Section 621 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts in requiring only a showing of general damages in defamation per se cases. Synygy, 51 F.Supp.2d at 581–82 (citing Walker, 634 A.2d at 244). The court reasoned,
Requiring the plaintiff to prove general damages in cases of slander per se accommodates the plaintiff’s interest in recovering for damage to reputation without specifically identifying a pecuniary loss as well as the court’s interest in maintaining some type of control over the amount a jury should be entitled to compensate an injured person. On one hand, a slander per se plaintiff is relieved of the burden to actually prove pecuniary loss as the result of the defamation; yet on the other hand, a jury will have some basis upon which to compensate her.
In the present matter, the Court finds—and Plaintiff does not dispute5—that the statements at issue unequivocally constitute defamation per se, as they directly impute business misconduct and would be readily understood by a reader as doing so. Instead, Plaintiff now contends that to sustain its claim, Defendant must adduce, at minimum, some evidence of general damages resulting from TKW’s statements. It then baldly asserts that KFI has failed to do so, arguing that “[a]t bottom, KFI’s claim of reputation harm rests upon a presumption laid upon a presumption but no evidence.” (Pl.’s Sur-reply 5.) It concludes that because KFI has failed to submit any affidavits from any trade participants substantiating harm to reputation, the counterclaim cannot succeed.
In its opening brief on its Motion for Summary Judgment, Plaintiff argues that KFI has failed to causally link claimed damages for lost sales to TKW’s 2008 statements. (Pl.’s Mem. 7.) In its Reply Brief, however, it appears to concede that because defamation per se is at issue, KFI need not link any of its actual pecuniary damages to the alleged defamation. (Pl.’s Reply Br. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Reply”) 3–5.)
Again, Plaintiff’s cursory and conclusory argument is unfounded. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment attaches numerous blog entries posted by readers in response to the press release from The Knit With. Indeed, immediately after a blog on www.ravelry.com, which republished TKW’s Press Release, the following comments appeared:
• “As a few people have said before, if the label says ‘Cashmere’ whatever % there should BE Cashmere whatever %. There was a report in Canada about fish being ‘mislabeled’. What was labeled as sole was in fact talapia [sic] which is much cheaper. If I’m not getting what I am paying for, ie: what’s on the label, then it’s just plain FRAUD.”
• “That’s pretty sad ... we’ve all been cheated.”
• “It makes me wonder about other yarns I use and the truth in their fibre content.”
*7 • “I’m starting to wonder if this isn’t standard procedure over at KFI ... Not being able to trust the content on a yarn label is no small issue and it will cause suspicion in consumers for all the companies.”
• “I believe that mis-labelling [sic] the yarn ... is one of the worst crimes to be perpetrated in yarn-land.”
• “[T]he profits from the inflated yarn prices went directly to KFI. They’re the real bad guys here.”
• “You paid for a product that you thought had cashmere, and you were deceived. That sucks.”
(Def.’s Mot., Ex. 3.) Certainly, such remarks evidence the reaction of other persons in the community to the alleged defamatory statements and demonstrate that, in the minds of many consumers, KFI is no longer a trustworthy company. Such evidence is sufficient to prove actual reputational harm.6 Accordingly, the Court rejects this portion of Plaintiff’s argument.
Plaintiff argues that such blog entries are inadmissible because KFI has neither provided an affidavit from each of the commenting individuals nor established that such individuals will be available to testify at trial. This is in error. KFI has provided an affidavit from defense counsel, Joshua Slavitt, who averred that he printed out the blog entries from the particular websites. (Slavitt Decl. ¶¶ 3–4.) Under Federal Rule of Evidence 901, Mr. Slavitt’s printing of these blog entries for the purpose of showing evidence of KFI’s reputational damage, together with his affidavit, is sufficient to authenticate the printouts. See Saadi v. Maroun, No. Civ.A.071–976, 2009 WL 3736121, at *4 (M.D.Fla. Nov.4, 2009) (finding admissible website printouts used to prove that derogatory statements had been published on the internet when the individual who printed the postings was able to authenticate the evidence by either testifying at trial or through an affidavit.); see also Firehouse Rest. Grp., Inc. v. Scurmont LLC, No. Civ.A.09–618, 2011 WL 3555704, at *4 (D.S.C. Aug. 11, 2011) (finding that a witness declaration in combination with a document’s circumstantial indicia of authenticity (i.e., the date and web address that appear on them) would support a reasonable juror in the belief that internet printouts are what the declarant says they are). Moreover, such blog entries are not hearsay because they are not being admitted for the truth of the matter asserted therein, i.e. that Defendant has actually conducted racketeering activity, but rather to show the effect that Plaintiff’s statements have had upon the recipients. Fed.R.Evid. 801(c).
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