Meyers v. Textron Fin’l Corp., 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 5736 (5th Cir. April 9, 2015):

Following a two-day show-cause hearing, the court imposed sanctions, jointly and severally, against the Meyerses and Cole for their conduct in the RMC case and the sanctions action. In a thirty-six page opinion, the court awarded Textron $79,424.21 (later reduced to $75,249.41 because of a calculation error) under Rule 11 and 28 U.S.C. § 1927, concluding that the Meyerses and Cole had brought the RMC case "in bad faith, vexatiously, and for the pur-pose of harassment." In re Motion for Sanctions Against Meyers, No. 4:12-MC-015-A, 2014 WL 1494099, at *14 (N.D. Tex. Apr. 16, 2014). Alternatively, the court held that the same award would have been appropriate pursuant to its inherent power. In a separate forty-eight-page opinion, the court awarded "Textron $83,693.87 as a sanction pursuant to the inherent power of the court to address the bad faith litigation conduct of the Meyerses and Cole in relation to [the action for sanctions]." In re Motion for Sanctions Against Meyers, No. 4:12-MC-015-A, 2014 WL 1910621, at *1 (N.D. Tex. May 9, 2014). The Meyerses and Cole appeal those awards.

II.

Sanctions awarded under Rule 11 and 28 U.S.C. § 1927 are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See Mercury Air Grp., Inc. v. Mansour, 237 F.3d 542, 548-49 (5th Cir. 2001). "We review de novo a district court's invocation of its inherent power and the sanctions granted [thereunder] for an abuse of discretion, recognizing that '[a] court should invoke its inherent power to award attorney's fees only when it finds that fraud has been practiced upon it, or that the [*7]  very temple of justice has been defiled.'"² "We review the factual findings underlying those sanctions, however, only for clear error." Positive Software Solutions, Inc. v. New Century Mortg. Corp., 619 F.3d 458, 460 (5th Cir. 2010).

2 FDIC v. Maxxam, Inc., 523 F.3d 566, 590 (5th Cir. 2008) (second alteration in original) (footnote omitted) (quoting Boland Marine & Mfg. Co. v. Rihner, 41 F.3d 997, 1005 (5th Cir. 1995)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

III.

The Meyerses and Cole maintain that they were denied due process at the show-cause hearing. Under Rule 11 and § 1927, "due process demands only that the sanctioned party be afforded notice and an opportunity to be heard."³  "In Rule 11 cases, the opportunity to respond through written submissions usually constitutes sufficient opportunity to be heard" without requiring "an actual hearing." Merriman, 100 F.3d at 1191-92. Under § 1927, "[t]he right to a hearing . . . is limited to cases where a hearing would assist the court in its decision." Travelers, 38 F.3d at 1418 (quoting Hill v. Norfolk & W. Ry., 814 F.2d 1192, 1201 (7th Cir. 1987)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Likewise, before invoking its inherent power, "[a] court must . . . comply with the mandates of due process, both in determining that the requisite bad faith exists and in assessing fees." Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 50 (1991).

3 Merriman v. Sec. Ins. Co. of Hartford, 100 F.3d 1187, 1191 (5th Cir. 1996); accord Travelers Ins. Co. v. St. Jude Hosp. of Kenner, La., Inc., 38 F.3d 1414, 1418 (5th Cir. 1994).

4 Alexander v. Monsanto Co., 396 F. App'x 137, 140 (5th Cir. 2010) (per curiam) (quot-ing Conto v. Concord Hosp., Inc., 265 F.3d 79, 81 (1st Cir. 2001)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Citing the entirety of the 523-page hearing transcripts, the Meyerses and Cole assert that the court improperly limited their testimony and "completely ceased [*8]  cross examinations" and that Cole "was told to stop talking after each sentence of her [closing argument]"—purportedly demonstrating "the court's bias and lack of impartiality [that] violated their right to due process." As a preliminary matter, "the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure require that appellants, rather than the courts of appeals, ferret out and articulate the record evidence considered material to each legal theory advanced on appeal."⁴ Even if their arguments are not waived for lack of citation to specific incidents, a cursory review of the record shows that their descriptions of the proceeding are badly exaggerated.

Although the Meyerses and Cole claim that the district court "completely ceased cross examinations," Textron called two witnesses: Cole, who was not cross-examined, and another, who was cross-examined without interruption. Similarly, Cole was not "told to stop talking after each sentence of her [closing argument]"; instead, she argued—with only one interruption—over five of the seven transcribed pages of [*9]  closing argument and was never told to stop talking. The court spoke only seven times, instructing Cole to limit argument to the record and confirming the testimony of a witness. When asked whether there was anything else she wanted to say, Cole declined, stating that "it's all in the record . . . ." Although the Meyerses and Cole maintain that the court improperly limited their answers to "yes or no," citing no specific instances, they per-haps refer to the single occasion on which the court instructed Cole to "[e]ither say yes or no or whatever the appropriate answer is . . . without just grunting."

In addition to the initial briefing they submitted in opposition to sanctions, the Meyerses and Cole were afforded multiple opportunities to provide additional information. They were given a two-day hearing, and due process was not violated by the court's instructions to stay within the record or confirm-ation of testimony. Rather than conducting the proceedings with bias, the court acted with commendable patience throughout this case.

The Meyerses aver that the court prohibited them from arguing that it was improper to sanction them because they were not named parties to the RMC complaint. [*10]  They neglect to mention, however, that they failed to comply with multiple orders to file a document with all legal authorities establishing whether they could be sanctioned, and they did not inform the court whether they intended to raise that issue as a defense. Although Textron filed the requested document, the Meyerses did not; Cole does not deny receiving that order, nor does she explain why it was ignored.

The Meyerses also contend that "the district court went so far as to enter an order forbidding [them] from including RMC in written filings with the court," but the court did no such thing; it merely instructed them "not to pretend in any of their filings that [RMC] is a party to this action."⁵ Rather than preventing them from arguing that they could not be sanctioned because they were not named parties to the RMC case, the court solicited their views on the issue, and Cole argued the point uninterrupted in closing argument.

5 RMC was not a party to the severed action for sanctions, yet Cole filed a document showing herself to be attorney for herself, the Meyerses, and RMC, and she referred to RMC as one of the parties.

We need not decide whether the Meyerses fall within the scope of Rule 11, which authorizes sanctions against "any attorney, law firm, or party that violated the rule or is responsible [*11]  for the violation," if sanctions were appropriate under the court's inherent power, which "extends to a full range of litigation abuses."⁶ A court must make a specific finding of bad faith before using its inherent power to impose sanctions. See Toon v. Wackenhut Corr. Corp., 250 F.3d 950, 952 (5th Cir. 2001).

6 Chambers, 501 U.S. at 46 ("[W]hereas [Rule 11 and § 1927] reach[] only certain individuals or conduct, the inherent power extends to a full range of litigation abuses. At the very least, the inherent power must continue to exist to fill in the interstices."); see 2 JAMES WM. MOORE ET AL., MOORE'S FEDERAL PRACTICE § 11.41[1] (3d ed. 2014) ("If the district court [*12]  cites multiple sources of authority for sanctions, the appellate court . . . will reverse the award only if none of the sources provides a sound basis for the sanctions." (citing Balerna v. Gilberti, 708 F.3d 319, 323 (1st Cir. 2013); Amlong & Amlong, P.A. v. Denny's, Inc., 500 F.3d 1230, 1238-39 (11th Cir. 2007))).

Although the district court made such a finding, the Meyerses and Cole maintain that they did not act in bad faith because there was only one cause of action filed by RMC against Textron. Relying on specific factual findings that are unchallenged on appeal, the court concluded that the allegation in the RMC complaint—that RMC was fraudulently induced by Textron to provide funding for AIH's purchase of AIMC's assets—was false and an attempt to circumvent res judicata. The court set forth nine instances in which the Meyerses and Cole represented in judicial proceedings that the Meyerses, and no one else, provided the funding. Moreover, RMC did not file a proof of claim in bankruptcy, and there had been no prior assertion that it was the lender.

Finding the Meyerses well-educated, knowledgeable about their business activities, and heavily involved in the litigation, the court concluded that they knew that the allegation in the RMC complaint was false yet caused, authorized, and encouraged Cole to file it. Likewise, the court found that Cole was deeply involved in the representation of the Meyerses and AIH in the bankruptcy court and knowingly made the false allegation. Noting that the Meyerses and Cole disregarded Textron's Rule 11 warning, and the Meyerses personally financed all of AIH's bankruptcy litigation against Textron, the court concluded that the RMC complaint was [*13]  part of an ongoing scheme among the Meyerses and Cole to harass Textron and needlessly increase its litigation costs through repeated court actions, tantamount to a fraud on the court. Failing to address the court's factual findings, the Meyerses and Cole have not shown that it erred by concluding that the lawsuit "was brought and prose-cuted by [them] against Textron in bad faith, vexatiously, and for the purpose of harassment."

The Meyerses and Cole assert that the court erred by "failing to conduct an independent and unbiased investigation" into the reasonableness of the attorney's fees requested by Textron. Although they state that the district court accepted the testimony regarding the fees "without question" and "was not inclined to require [Textron] to produce an accurate accounting of the fees that were sought," the record belies those assertions. The court repeatedly asked questions during the testimony about fees and ordered Textron to respond to the claim that the fee calculations were inaccurate. Once Textron had provided corrected calculations, the court ordered the Meyerses and Cole to identify [*14]  "each disagreement they now have with the reasonableness, necessity, or calculation of attorneys' fees set forth in Textron's reply," yet they did not respond.

Moreover, the Meyerses and Cole have not shown that the sanctions were inappropriate. The district court limited sanctions to Textron's reasonable attorney's fees and costs despite finding that, in light of "[t]estimony given by Mr. Meyers . . . indicat[ing] that the Meyerses and Cole are not finished with Textron yet . . . a significant sanction award against [them] would be helpful in deterring them from again filing frivolous and harassing litigation against Textron." Finding no error, we affirm the awards.

IV.

Textron moves for sanctions on appeal pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 38. The Meyerses and Cole have not responded to that motion. Under Rule 38, we may award "just damages and single or double costs to the appellee" if we determine that an appeal is frivolous. "An appeal is frivolous if 'the result is obvious or the arguments of error are wholly without merit.'"⁷

7 Howard v. St. Germain, 599 F.3d 455, 458 (5th Cir. 2010) (per curiam) (quoting Buck v. United States, 967 F.2d 1060, 1062 (5th Cir. 1992) (per curiam)).

Textron identifies many deficiencies with the Meyerses and Cole's brief. The first nineteen pages of their "Statement of Relevant Facts" is mostly copied verbatim from a brief filed previously [*15]  with this court, rehashing their already-rejected fraud claims without a single citation to the record, and is largely irrelevant to this appeal. Their due-process argument grossly exaggerates the limitations placed on them by the district court and provides no specificcitation to the 523 pages of hearing transcripts. They claim that "the district court failed to apply to [sic] proper standard for awarding sanctions," yet they cite the same standards that the court applied. Likewise, their argument that the district court had made a "pre-hearing promise to rule in [Textron's] favor" is completely unfounded and without citation to the record.

Although much of this appeal borders on frivolous, it is not so deficient as to warrant attorney's fees and costs. We note that Cole does not have a history of filing frivolous appeals, and the parties have agreed to a pre-filing injunction prohibiting the Meyerses from bringing further claims against Textron without first receiving the express permission of the district court.

Textron's motion for Rule 38 relief is DENIED. The judgment [*16]  is in all respects AFFIRMED.