We previously affirmed the judgment of the district court dismissing the third-party counterclaims of the Outland [*2]  entities. 760 F.3d 674 (7th Cir. 2014). After we issued the opinion, the Outland appellants filed a petition for rehearing by the panel. The Gamesa appellees filed a motion for sanctions under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 38. For the reasons explained below, we deny the petition for rehearing and grant the motion for sanctions. We presume a reader's familiarity with our opinion on the merits.

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II. Sanctions Under Rule 38

Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 38 authorizes a United States Court of Appeals to award damages and single or double costs to an appellee where an appeal is frivolous. Rule 38 has both a compensatory purpose and a deterrent purpose. Harris N.A. v. Hershey, 711 F.3d 794, 801 (7th Cir. 2013); Ruderer v. Fines, 614 F.2d 1128, 1132 (7th Cir. 1980); see also Burlington Northern R.R. Co. v. Woods, 480 U.S. 1, 7 (1987). Appellee Gamesa has filed a timely motion in this case, and Outland has responded in detail.

This appeal presented a startling spectacle. Appellant Outland based its appeal principally on the theory that Outland itself had improperly invoked federal subject matter jurisdiction over its third-party counterclaims. We urge parties to point out jurisdictional defects at any time, of course, but the arguments here were extraordinary.

Outland argued that its own federal antitrust counter-claims were so weak that they were not even sufficient to raise federal question subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We have held that when a federal claim is "utterly frivolous," it may not support subject matter jurisdiction, e.g., Crowley Cutlery Co. v. United States, 849 F.2d 273, 276-78 (7th Cir. 1988), though there is reason to question whether it is worth distinguishing so finely among degrees of substantive weakness. See, e.g., Carr v. Tillery, 591 F.3d 909, 916-18 (7th Cir. 2010). We rejected Outland's argument on appeal, but if we had accepted it, we would have determined in effect that Outland had violated Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 by asserting and pursuing those antitrust counterclaims.

Outland then raised the stakes by arguing on appeal that its state law counterclaims, for which it had invoked supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), were not part of the "same case or controversy" as its federal antitrust counterclaims, which would have been needed to keep the state [*5]  counterclaims in the same case. Finally, Outland topped off its performance by arguing, for the first time on appeal, that the district court abused its discretion under § 1367(c) by failing to consider whether it should exercise supplemental jurisdiction.

In effect, Outland's appellate arguments confessed to its having violated Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 not only by asserting and pursuing its federal antitrust counterclaims, but also by choosing to combine its state law counterclaims with the federal antitrust counterclaims. Then Outland tried to obtain reversal by arguing a new non-jurisdictional issue--the exercise of discretion under § 1367(c). See City of Chicago v. International College of Surgeons, 522 U.S. 156, 172 (1997) (pendent or supplemental jurisdiction "is a doctrine of discretion, not of plaintiff's right"); Mayor of Philadelphia v. Educational Equality League, 415 U.S. 605, 627 (1974) (discretionary doctrine of pendent jurisdiction, the forerunner of § 1367(c), was not "something akin to subject matter jurisdiction that may be raised sua sponte at any stage"); Myers v. County of Lake, 30 F.3d 847, 850 (7th Cir. 1994) ("This division between the requisites of judicial competence in § 1367(a) and the criteria for the exercise of discretion in § 1367(c) also marks, we believe, the division between matters the court must examine on its own and those that depend on an assertion of error by the litigants."). That issue had been waived by Outland's failure [*6]  to raise it before the district court.

We do not lightly impose sanctions under Rule 38. The daily fare of this court's work consists of reasonable disagreements about how the law should apply in particular cases, and this court's doors are open to consider those disagreements brought to us in good faith. Harris, N.A. v. Hershey, 711 F.3d at 801; Kile v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue, 739 F.2d 265, 269 (7th Cir. 1984). But an appeal can be frivolous when the result is obvious or when the appellant's argument is wholly without merit. Harris, N.A., 711 F.3d at 802 (collecting cases). Even when an appeal is frivolous, Rule 38 sanctions are not mandatory but are left to the sound discretion of the court, keeping in mind both the compensatory and deterrent purposes of the rule, as well as the need not to discourage litigation of reasonable disagreements. See Burlington Northern, 480 U.S. at 4.

We find that this appeal was frivolous because of the contradictions between Outland's own actions and the jurisdictional arguments it advanced in this court. Having chosen to submit all of its counterclaims to the federal court in Illinois and lost, and after imposing substantial litigation costs on Gamesa, Outland's appeal was a desperate attempt to start all over again by attacking its own claims and procedural maneuvers as baseless. Outland could have prevailed on its jurisdictional [*7]  arguments on appeal only by showing that it had violated Rule 11 in the district court. Under these circumstances, Rule 38 sanctions are appropriate both to compensate Gamesa for having to oppose these extraordinary tactics and to deter similar shenanigans in the future.

In opposing Gamesa's motion for sanctions, Outland has repeated its jurisdictional arguments on appeal, but without confronting the inherent contradictions between its positions in the district court and in this court. In addition, Outland has repeated its arguments on the merits of its proposed state law counterclaims. Though we rejected those arguments on the merits, we do not believe those arguments were frivolous. That does not save the entire appeal from being frivolous, however, where the principal arguments were the frivolous jurisdictional ones aimed at Outland's own claims and actions. We are adjusting the amount of the sanctions to account for the fact that Outland's secondary arguments, those on the merits of its counterclaims, were not frivolous.¹

1   We do not intend to invite Rule 38 motions every time one or two arguments in an appeal might arguably be deemed frivolous. The critical point here is that the dominant thrust of Outland's [*8]  appeal was that Outland's own counterclaims were frivolous and that it had no basis for combining its federal and state law counterclaims.

Outland argues further that its counsel (and owner, Mr. Melone) was not experienced with federal appellate litigation, that he read this court's Practitioner's Handbook, which makes clear that "Lawyers have a professional obligation to analyze subject-matter jurisdiction before judges need to question the allegations." Heinen v. Northrop Grumman Corp., 671 F.3d 669, 670 (7th Cir. 2012). (The material is at pages 69-70 of the 2014 edition of the Handbook.) It would be easier to take this defense seriously if Outland had not raised its supplemental jurisdiction argument in its Rule 59 motion in the district court, attacking its own choice to combine the state-law commercial counterclaims with its federal antitrust counterclaims. And to the extent that counsel might have come across the Practitioner's Handbook in preparing an earlier abortive appeal, that would not explain why counsel chose to raise the supplemental jurisdiction theory but not the federal question issue at that time.

Missing from Outland's opposition is any case law supporting its extraordinary attack on its own claims and actions as frivolous or unwarranted. [*9]  In other words, even if Outland's attempts to support its appellate objections to the jurisdiction that it had invoked had any possible merit, those objections would merely show that Outland had been wasting the time of Gamesa and the district court all along. Under these unusual circumstances, we conclude that Rule 38 sanctions are needed to compensate the appellee and to deter similar maneuvers.

Gamesa has requested sanctions in the amount of its attorney fees and expenses on appeal totaling more than $68,000, in addition to the modest costs awarded routinely to a prevailing party on appeal. The attorney fee request is supported by an affidavit from Gamesa's lead counsel and detailed billing records. That evidence, which Outland has not challenged, shows that Gamesa's lawyers spent time reasonably and billed their time with suitable "billing judgment" at reasonable rates, and that their client paid those fees. See Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434 (1983) (noting importance of "billing judgment" when evaluating attorney fees); Assessment Technologies of WI, LLC v. WIREdata, Inc., 361 F.3d 434, 438 (7th Cir. 2004) ("The best evidence of the value of the lawyer's services is what the client agreed to pay him."); People Who Care v. Rockford Bd. of Education, 90 F.3d 1307, 1310 (7th Cir. 1996) (market basis for evaluating hourly rates); Tomazzoli v. Sheedy, 804 F.2d 93, 96 (7th Cir. 1986) (billing judgment). Because Outland's arguments on the merits [*10]  of its claims were not frivolous, however, we will reduce the requested amount to $50,000. That amount is intended to provide a roughly fair compensation for Outland's efforts to walk away from its invocation of federal jurisdiction in the district court as well. Finally, we agree with Gamesa that it is appropriate to impose the sanctions against both the Outland business entities and their owner and counsel [and owner], Thomas Melone.

Accordingly, Outland's petition for rehearing is denied, and appellees Gamesa Technology Corporation, Inc. and Gamesa Wind US, LLC are jointly entitled to recover the sum of Fifty Thousand Dollars ($50,000.00) from Thomas Melone, Outland Renewable Energy, LLC (now known as Renovo Renewable Energy, LLC), Outland Energy Services, LLC (now known as Northwind Holdings, LLC, and formerly known as Outland Renewable Energy Field Services, LLC), which shall all be jointly and severally liable to appellees for that sum.