Grant v. Turner, 2012 U.S. App. LEXIS 24316 (3d Cir. Nov. 27, 2012):

In May 2009, a group of putative class action Plaintiffs brought suit against various individual and corporate Defendants, alleging that those Defendants were involved in creating and perpetuating fraudulent travel clubs ("Travel Club Defendants"). Plaintiffs alleged that the Travel Club Defendants swindled Plaintiffs and those similarly situated by convincing Plaintiffs to buy memberships in various travel clubs and then never delivering the benefits that Plaintiffs were promised. Plaintiffs also allege that, as part of the scheme, otherwise legitimate credit card companies provided "point of sale" financing for the sale of memberships in the Travel Club Defendants' bogus travel clubs ("Credit Card Defendants"). Plaintiffs' Complaint made claims under RICO, alleging that the predicate "racketeering activity" was mail fraud within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 1341 and wire fraud within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 1343, as well as various state law claims.

According to Plaintiffs, the Travel Club Defendants sold memberships in their respective clubs and promoted "exclusive and substantial discounts for travel-related services," but those "promised discounts and other rewards simply do not exist." *** To promote their services, the Travel Club Defendants "circulated mailings through the U.S. mail . . . [that] contain false promises of free rewards and/or benefits, such as free airline tickets, free car rentals, or free gas cards."*** Plaintiffs offer several examples in which each of the named Plaintiffs received a mailing from the Travel Club Defendants that offered a gift. The mailings directed the recipient to call a toll free number to claim the gift, and promised that if the recipient called the number within 72 hours, he or she would receive a bonus prize. *** The Plaintiffs then called the phone numbers as instructed, and were told that in order to claim their rewards, they would need to attend a sales presentation. *** None of the Plaintiffs who attended the sales presentations received the rewards, however.*** Instead, Plaintiffs received certificates and vouchers that had to be submitted to various third-party providers who "required that the certificates and vouchers be submitted according to an elaborate set of procedures which made the 'free' travel rewards unobtainable and anything but free." ***

2. Procedural Background

The case was originally assigned to Judge Greenaway in 2009. After considering motions to dismiss filed by various Defendants, Judge Greenaway found that Plaintiffs had failed to meet the heightened pleading standard under FRCP 9(b), for several reasons, including because "throughout the Complaint, Plaintiffs use a shotgun method to accuse all Defendants . . . of the same misconduct in violation of the RICO statute." (App. 18.) Judge Greenaway added that Plaintiffs failed to specify the dates on which the promotional mailings were received, when telephone calls were made, when and where sales presentations were held, or when Plaintiffs attempted to take advantage of the supposed benefits of travel club memberships. Accordingly, Judge Greenaway dismissed the Complaint without prejudice on March 15, 2010.

Plaintiffs subsequently amended their Complaint, providing more detail and attaching contract documents drawn up by the Travel Club Defendants. The case was then transferred to Chief Judge Brown, who noted that Plaintiffs had "substantially increased the specificity of some of their allegations" (App. 19) but required Plaintiffs to file a RICO Case Statement to supplement the pleadings. In the RICO Case Statement, Plaintiffs reiterated much of the same information alleged in the SAC and further allege that "[t]he sales agents and/or employees of the Travel Club Defendants carefully refer to themselves by their first names only." (App. 103.) Shortly after Plaintiffs filed their RICO Case Statement, Defendants again filed motions to dismiss.

Concluding that Plaintiffs still had not met the heightened pleading standard under Rule 9(b) in pleading the predicate acts based on fraud, Chief Judge Brown dismissed Plaintiffs' SAC against all Defendants.***

1. RICO Claim

To state a viable RICO claim under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), a plaintiff must allege (1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity. In re Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 618 F.3d 300, 362 (3d Cir. 2010) (citing Lum v. Bank of America, 361 F.3d 217, 223 (3d Cir. 2004)). A pattern of racketeering activity requires a pleading of at least two predicate acts of racketeering. Lum, 361 F.3d at 223. Because in this case, the predicate acts are mail and wire fraud, Plaintiffs must meet the heightened pleading requirement of Rule 9(b), which states that "a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud." Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). The purpose of the heightened pleading requirement in 9(b) is to "place the defendants on notice of the precise misconduct with which they are charged, and to safeguard defendants from spurious charges of immoral and fraudulent behavior." Seville Indus. Machinery Corp. v. Southmost Machinery Corp., 742 F.2d 786, 791 (3d Cir. 1984). Thus, conclusory allegations are not sufficient to withstand Rule 9(b). Instead, plaintiffs are required to "state the circumstances of the alleged fraud with sufficient particularity to place the defendant on notice of the 'precise misconduct with which [it is] charged.'" Frederico v. Home Depot, 507 F.3d 188, 200 (3d Cir. 2007) (quoting Lum, 361 F.3d at 223-24). This requires a plaintiff to plead the date, time, and place of the alleged fraud, or otherwise inject precision into the allegations by some alternative means. Id.

After considering Plaintiffs' SAC as well as the RICO Case Statement, the District Court granted Defendants' motions and dismissed the case. The District Court concluded that the SAC and the RICO Case Statement did not meet the Rule 9(b) pleading standard for the predicate acts based on fraud. Specifically, the District Court found that "by lumping all [the Travel Club Defendants] together and naming them as a group, each defendant has not been properly or sufficiently placed on notice of the exact nature of the claims asserted, as these claims apply to each defendant." (App. 20.) The Court then dismissed Plaintiffs' RICO conspiracy claims. Because the District Court found that the claims against the Travel Club Defendants must be dismissed, it also dismissed the claims against all other movants. The District Court also declined to exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367 over Plaintiffs' state law claims.

While we agree with the District Court that Plaintiffs failed to meet the heightened pleading standard with regard to Defendants VTC and FIA Card Services, as Plaintiffs have not specifically alleged how either party played a role in committing the predicate acts of fraud, we believe that it is a closer call with regard to the remaining Travel Club Defendants. Although Plaintiffs do not allege who, specifically, made misrepresentations to whom in all cases, they include many other details to "inject precision or some measure of substantiation into [their allegations of fraud]." Frederico, 507 F.3d at 200. Examining the allegations set forth in the SAC, it is clear that the Travel Club Defendants were "on notice of the precise misconduct with which they [were] charged." Seville, 742 F.2d at 791. Furthermore, particularly in a case like this, where Plaintiffs allege that Defendants deliberately concealed the identities of salespeople and agents, Plaintiffs simply cannot allege who, in particular, made the misrepresentation absent discovery. Given the closeness of this question, and the fact that the Travel Club Defendants did not file a brief in response to Plaintiffs' appeal, we believe that Plaintiffs' claims should be allowed to proceed in the District Court against the remaining Travel Club Defendants.

Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court's ruling as to VTC and FIA Card Services and will vacate and remand as to the remaining Travel Club Defendants.

2. RICO Conspiracy

The District Court dismissed Plaintiffs' RICO conspiracy claim under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d) because it found that Plaintiffs had failed to adequately plead predicate acts to form the basis of a RICO claim under § 1962(c). To state a RICO conspiracy claim under § 1962(d), "a plaintiff must allege (1) agreement to commit the predicate acts of fraud, and (2) knowledge that those acts were a part of a pattern of racketeering activity conducted in such a way as to violate section 1962 (a), (b) or (c)." Rose v. Bartle, 871 F.2d 331, 366 (3d Cir. 1989) (quoting Odesser v. Cont'l Bank, 676 F. Supp. 1305, 1312 (E.D. Pa. 1987)). Because we find that Plaintiffs adequately plead predicate acts of fraud against the Travel Club Defendants, as discussed above, we will reverse the District Court's dismissal of Plaintiffs' RICO conspiracy claims against the Travel Club Defendants. However, Plaintiffs' SAC makes no allegation that the Credit Card Defendants agreed to commit the predicate acts of mail and wire fraud. Therefore, the RICO conspiracy claim was appropriately dismissed as to FIA Card Services. Furthermore, by grouping VTC together with the Travel Club Defendants, Plaintiffs do not adequately allege that VTC itself agreed to commit the predicate acts of fraud, nor do they adequately allege knowledge that the acts were part of a pattern of racketeering activity. Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court's dismissal of Plaintiffs' RICO conspiracy claims against FIA Card Services and VTC, but vacate and remand as to the remaining Travel Club Defendants.