From Jonathan H. v. Souderton Area School Dist., 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 7794 (3d Cir. April 14, 2009):

This appeal presents a question of first impression concerning the timing of a compulsory counterclaim under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, as amended by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (collectively, IDEA). The District Court held that the Souderton School District's compulsory counterclaim was untimely because it was filed more than 90 days after the administrative process terminated. For the reasons that follow, we will reverse.

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We begin by observing that an IDEA action filed in federal district court is properly characterized as an original "civil action," not an "appeal." See 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A) ("Any party aggrieved by the findings and decision . . . shall have the right to bring a civil action.") (emphasis added); see also S.J. v. Issaquah Sch. Dist. No. 411, 470 F.3d 1288, 1292 (9th Cir. 2006) (finding an IDEA action to be a new civil action); Kirkpatrick v. Lenoir County Bd. of Educ., 216 F.3d 380, 387 (4th Cir. 2000) (same). Because a case brought pursuant to the IDEA is an original civil action rather than an appeal, it is governed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure….

Pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, civil actions are initiated by a complaint and the responsive pleading is an answer, counterclaim, or motion to dismiss. See FED. R. CIV. P. 3, 13(a), 12(a). In this case, Souderton filed an answer with a compulsory counterclaim. We must decide whether Souderton's compulsory counterclaim is an "action" under the IDEA, which would subject it to the 90 day statute of limitations.

The word "action," without more, is arguably broad enough to encompass any type of judicial proceeding, including counterclaims. See United States v. P.F. Collier & Son Corp., 208 F.2d 936, 938 (7th Cir. 1954) ("If the question were one of first impression, we would have no difficulty in reaching the conclusion that the words 'any action, suit or proceeding' are sufficiently broad in their ordinary and commonly accepted meaning to encompass every form and kind of litigation."); see also BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 28-29 (7th ed. 1999) (defining an "action" as, inter alia, "[a] civil or criminal judicial proceeding"). Cf. U.C.C. § 1-201(1) ("'Action' in the sense of a judicial proceeding, includes recoupment, counterclaim, set-off, suit in equity, and any other proceeding in which rights are determined.").

In determining whether an "action" encompasses counterclaims in the IDEA context, we turn first to the statutory language. "The meaning of statutory language, plain or not, depends on context." King v. St. Vincent's Hosp., 502 U.S. 215, 221, 112 S. Ct. 570, 116 L. Ed. 2d 578 (1991). Here, the IDEA states: "Any party aggrieved by the findings . . . shall have the right to bring a civil action with respect to the complaint presented pursuant to this section. . . . The party bringing the action shall have 90 days from the date of the decision of the hearing officer to bring such an action." 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A) and (B) (emphasis added).

The phrase "bring an action" is defined as "to sue; institute legal proceedings." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY (8th ed. 2004). Therefore, an action is "brought" when a plaintiff files a complaint, which is the first step that invokes the judicial process. See FED. R. CIV. P. 3 ("A civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court."); id. Advisory Committee Note ("The first step in an action is the filing of the complaint."). Unlike the proactive nature of a complaint, a counterclaim is reactive because it is filed only after the plaintiff has initiated the case by bringing a civil action. Indeed, a counterclaim is a "claim for relief asserted against an opposing party after an original claim has been made." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 353 (8th ed. 2004); see also 3 JAMES WM. MOORE, ET AL., MOORE'S FEDERAL PRACTICE § 13.90(2)(a), at 13-79 (3d ed. 1997) ("Only defending parties may assert counterclaims."). Counterclaims are therefore "generally asserted in the answer" to a previously filed complaint. MOORE, supra, § 13.92, at 13-88.

In light of the foregoing, a defendant does not "bring an action" by asserting a counterclaim; only a plaintiff may "bring an action" for purposes of the IDEA. The defendant then files a responsive pleading — in this case, the answer, see FED. R. CIV. P. 12(a) — in which it can include a claim for relief against the opposing party, see FED. R. CIV. P. 13(a). Section 1415(i)(2)(B) limits a party's right to "bring an action" to within 90 days after the final administrative decision. Thus, the plain language of the statutory text does not limit a party's right to pursue a counterclaim because the assertion of a counterclaim is not "bring[ing] an action." In this case, Souderton's compulsory counterclaim was timely pleaded under Rule 13(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Accordingly, we hold that the IDEA does not bar Souderton's counterclaim.

Although our holding is dictated by the language of the IDEA, we note that it also establishes the fairer rule. If counterclaims were prohibited in this context, parties would file "protective complaints" to preserve issues adjudicated against them, even when they otherwise would countenance the administrative judgment, for fear that their adversaries would file complaints just before the statute of limitations expired - as Jonathan H. did here. This would cause unnecessary litigation. Our ruling allows parties to fairly assess their claims when they receive a mixed result from an administrative agency, and to file a complaint only when necessary.